Macro Unit 14-15 杂项
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[Unit 14] Money & Barter System
Problems of Barter System
(PPT 14.1)
- Double Coincidence of Wants
- Some goods cannot be split
Money
Money is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services.
Money is NOT the same as wealth or income.
Type of Money
- Commodity Money
- 本身就有点价值的东西,比如黄金、香烟
- Fiat Money
- 本身没啥价值,就只能当货币用
Functions of Money
(PPT 14.1 & 小王的课)
- Medium of Exchange
- Unit of Account (Measure of Value)
- Store of Value
$M_0,M_1,M_2$
- $M_0$
- Currency
- Central bank reserve
- $M_1$
- Currency
- Demand Deposit (Checking Account)
- Saving Account
- (With Interest)
- $M_2$ (Broad money)
- $M_1$
- Certified Deposit (CD Savings)
- (上课笔记) Short-Term Money Market Funds
(Katie 上课)
- Money Base: Currency & Demand Deposit
- $\text{Money Base} \subset M_1$
- Money Base, Monetary Base, Narrow Money 是同一个东西。(2025.4.9 私下问 Katie)
[Unit 14] T-accounts
Accounting
Accounting Equation
\[\boxed{\text{Assets} = \text{Liabilities} + \text{Owner's Equity}}\]Owner’s Equity 也叫 Net Assets。
Double Entry Principle
Every transaction will affect two accounts, one Debit account and one Credit account. Accounting equation stay balanced after each transaction.
杂项
(小王的课)
stock 和 bond 都属于 assets,但是有一定区别:
- stock 代表了 ownership of the firm,你拿到的是 dividend (分红)。
- bond 是 certificate of indebtedness,你拿到的是 interest。
T-account
- Balance Sheet
- 每个 T 顶上写科目
- 左边叫 Debit(Dr),右边叫 Credit(Cr)
- 在等式左边时,Debit 表示增加,Credit 表示减少
- 在等式右边时,Debit 表示减少,Credit 表示增加
Example 1:Katie 买车
Katie 用了 10k 现金,贷了 10k,买了一辆 20k 的车。
\[\frac {\text{CASH}} {\qquad | 10k} \qquad \frac {\text{Car}} {20k | \qquad} = \frac {\text{Bank Loan - Car}} {\qquad | 10k}\]其中 CASH 和 Car 都是 Asset,Bank Loan 是 Liabilities。
Example 2:Microsoft 投资
- Microsoft 在 Bank of Seattle 投资了 100k。
- Microsoft 向 Dell 用 10k 买电脑。
1 Bank of Seattle
\[\frac {\text{CASH}} {\begin{aligned} 100k &| \qquad \\ \qquad &| 10k \end{aligned}} = \frac {\text{Demand Deposit}} {\begin{aligned} \qquad &| 100k \\ 10k &| \qquad \end{aligned}}\](CASH 是 Assets,DD 是 Liabilities)
2 Microsoft
\[\frac {\text{CASH}} {\begin{aligned} 100k &| \qquad \\ \qquad &| 10k \end{aligned}} \qquad \frac {\text{Computer}} {\begin{aligned} 10k &| \qquad \\ \qquad &| \qquad \end{aligned}} = \frac {\text{Capital}} {\begin{aligned} \qquad &| 100k \\ \qquad &| \qquad \end{aligned}}\](CASH 和 Computer 是 Assets,Capital 是 OE)
3 Dell
\[\frac {\text{CASH}} {10k | \qquad} = \frac {\text{Sales}} {\qquad | 10k}\](CASH 是 Assets,Sales 是 OE)
[Unit 15] The Equation of Exchange
\[\boxed{M \times V = P \times Y}\]- $M$ is the MS
- $V$ is the velocity of money
- (书 P285)$V$ is the number of times the typical dollar of $M_1$ or $M_2$ is used to make purchases during a year.
- $P$ is the PL
- (书 P285)$P$ can be measured with the GDP deflator.
- $Y$ is the quantity of output or Real GDP
可以看作 velocity of money 的定义式:$V := \frac {P \times Y} M$。所以必然成立。
一个更常用的版本是:
\[\boxed{M \times V = P \times Y = N.GDP}\]- $M \times V$ 表示货币支持的总交易价值。
- $P \times Y$ 是 Nominal GDP(GDP Deflator 的定义)。
- 💡 虽然 GDP Deflator 的定义中有个乘 $100$,但是除掉就好了。
这个公式主要揭示了 $M$ 和 $P$ 的关系。因为 $V$ 和 $Y$ 的变化一般较小,可以看作常数。
这一点从而引出了下一个知识点:The Theory of Monetary Neutrality。
[Unit 15] The Theory of Monetary Neutrality
(书 P286)
也叫 The Classical Dichotomy ([daɪˈkɒtəmi])。
A change in the money supply will affect nominal variables in the economy but not real variables.
这意味着在 long run 中 Real GDP 是不变的,(为后文做铺垫)即 $LRAS$ 是一条竖直的线。